Economics (Asian Development) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics (Asian Development) - Essay Example The planning mind set is in turn linked to previously discredited theories. Such as that poverty is due to a poverty trap which can only be alleviated by a large inflow of aid from rich country to poor countries. The aid inflow is of course administered by this same planning apparatus. This is a bad news for worlds poor as historically poverty has been ended by central planners. It is only ended by searches both economical and political who explore solution by trial and error. Have a way to get feedback on the ones that work and then expand all of these in an unplanned spontaneous way. Examples of searches are firms in private market and democratically Of course there are hard questions about directions of casualty and exactly which attributes of political and economic freedom are most crucial for development. However to deal with the 1st problem. Since researchers know a little bit about the determinants of bad govt studies can explore whether bad govt causes poverty. The research is less successful at identifying which aspect of bad govt matters such as democracy versus corruption vs. economic freedom. Different dimensions of good govt tend to come together in packages, so it is hard to tell which is causing economic development. This last issue is much harder to resolve but the correlation are at least supportive of strong theoretical priors that democratic and market accountability go with economic success not to mention the vast historical and case study literature that supports this conclusion. The variance of outcome is much higher at low levels of political and economic freedom than at high levels. For countries with nearly complete freedom all of them are rich within a narrow range. For countries with intermediate level of freedom there is a vast range of development outcomes. A few years ago what most people had in mind when they thought of India was land of tigers, the land of taj mahal and a land of

Infliximab Drug Monograph Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Infliximab Drug Monograph - Research Paper Example In the market, the drug is traded under the brand name of Remicade. The drug’s main manufacturing center is in United States of America. Infliximab Drug Monograph Infliximab is a drug which is used to treat patients who suffer from rheumatoid, Crohn’s diseases, ankylosing sponylitis, ulcerative colitis, and plaque psoriasis. The Infliximab drug can also be explained as an antibody drug which is used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. It blocks the impact of necrosis factor alpha which is commonly labeled as (TNF alpha). Necrosis factor alpha is a substance manufactured by human cells, which plays a very crucial role in hiking inflammation in human body. Necrosis factor alpha is manufactured in the body immune system, hence Infliximab is used to reduce the effect of necrosis alpha factor in the body parts and most specifically. in the immune system. The generic name used for this drug is Infliximab while the brand name for the drug is Remicade. Patients with heart f ailure should not receive Infliximab unless tested by the doctor on their capability of sustaining the impact of the drug in the body. Additionally, patients with allergic reaction to Infliximab constitutes are also instructed not to use them (Frederic, 2010). Therapeutic Category The Infliximab therapeutic category is antirheumatic, GI anti-inflammatory (Frederic, 2010). Dosage The most effective dosage for infusion is 5mg/kg of Infliximab which should be administered and used for a period of 0-6 weeks. The patient should then be administered with another 5mg/kg for every eight weeks. The second dosage is administered in the situation where the patient is at moderate to severe infusion condition. This dosage applies to adult and pediatric patients only. In the situation where the patient does not respond to the dosage, he/she should be administered with a dosage of 10mg/kg. The required and most effective dosage for moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis is supposed to be 3 mg/kg for the initial 0-6 weeks which should be accompanied by another 3mg/kg for every eight weeks. In the situation where the patient does not respond completely to the drug, he/she should be instructed to take 10mg/kg of Infliximab drug. Alternatively, the doctor should ensure the treatment is conducted for every four weeks to enhance consistency. Other diseases such as ulcerative colitis, plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis should be treated with 5mg/kg for 0-6 weeks which should be followed by5mg/kg for every eight weeks. The ankylosing is better treated by 5mg/kg of Infliximab for the first 0-6 weeks which should be accompanied by 5mg/kg for every 6 weeks. Children are strictly not recommended to use the infliximab drug. Indication Infliximab is used for treating and reducing the symptoms and signs of moderate to severe Crohn disease. The drug has also been confirmed as one of the best drug in treatment of active psoriatic arthritis among the adults and children who are a bove the age of six years. The joint inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoariatic arthritis among the juvenile are treated using the infliximab drug. The uveitis and sarcoidosis which do not respond positively to traditional therapies are also healed by this drug. The Infliximab drug is also one of the best in the treatment of pediatric patients who have moderate to severe active Crohn diseases. The drug is applied to the patients

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay

Barclays Bank Is An International Company Marketing Essay Barclays Bank is an international company offering banking services to its clients and potential customers i.e. those with no account but transact with people with an account with Barclays. In banking sector a customer is termed as person who has an account with the bank irregardless of whether the funds are available in that account or not. The head office of Barclays is located in London and it has many branches across the world. The main business of Barclays Bank is to offer banking services, corporate and investment banking to its clients. Barclays is the leading company offering financial services in the world. The company has been rank as a top company in terms of employment. They offer competitive salaries that have made it difficult for employees to move to other companies thus portraying a positive image. Human resource managers of various branches of Barclays Bank have contributed most to the success of the company. This has been due to motivations of employees in terms of promotions, salary increase and praising of good work. Services offered by the bank have various characteristics which includes intangibility. This characteristic of services has made it difficult for many marketers to market the services and convince the customer to buy. Effective marketers are able to sell these services despite of its intangibility. The main thing that enables these marketers to sell intangible services is that they create a picture of a service to customers and demonstrate how the services will be beneficial to them in case they make a choice to buy (Krishnan, 2009. p 200). The image of the bank is also another important element which will determine whether the customer will trust the services offered by the bank or not. In Barclays bank, the company has a good image in terms of building and has enough parking spaces for customers in their premises. Customers want to associate themselves with valuable things and thus when the bank looks smart everyone will want to belong to that bank. This is a strategy especially to customers who are looking for secured place to keep there funds. Most customers look at the appearances before making up their decision on whether to deposit their money in certain bank or not. It is also important to ensure that the banking hall is organised so as to attract many customers to buy intangible service in the bank (Kotler, 2009. p 161). Business people hate queuing in the bank because they will consider it as a waste of time. It is for this reason, that most banks have introduced ATMs in their branches so as to reduce queuing in the banking hall; customers can deposit or withdraw using their ATMs. Employees are also another important determinant of the success of the bank because they deal with customers directly. It is important that the human resource manager plans for training his employees concerning the services they offered. In most cases, it is difficult to sell the service without a person; services are commonly sold by people who understand how those services work. It is therefore important to train employees so that they can offer quality services to the customers. Lastly, the bank employees should dress in a certain code so that it is identified easily by the customers who need to be assisted in filling out the forms, or customers who might face any difficulty within the Banking hall. Furthermore, dressing in a certain manner signifies a lot to the customers in the bank. It might suggest the kind of discipline which is being maintained in the bank or it shows that employees are ready to assist at any time the problem arises. Barclays Bank normally differentiates itself from other banks in the following manner. They offer quality services to its customers and charge higher prices. This pricing strategy indicates that the company is offering quality services and are reliable. The pricing strategy used by the bank is effective because it target certain class of customers in the market. It is important to segment the market so that you can clearly identify the kind of customers you are dealing with. In most cases Barclays bank target people with average income because this is a class where many people fall. It is challenging for a bank to differentiate itself from other competitors because whenever the bank introduces a marketing strategy other banks will automatically copy. Barclays bank has managed to maintain it leadership position in the market because of the loyal customers. These loyal customers act as the advertising tool to the company because they offer referral to other customers. Barclays bank has also benefited greatly due to the high number of customers they serve in the market. The bank has been in a position to cross sell its products to the customers thus increasing it annual turnover (Gaspary, 2009. p 328) Barclays Bank offers a wide variety of account to its customers starting from children account to fixed deposit account. These varieties have given the customer a wide choice to choose from their interested field in which they invest in. It is important to offer such variety of services so that they can satisfy all classes of customers in the market they served. Furthermore, Barclays Bank has differentiate itself by implementing total quality management has part of their strategy. The company apply total quality management by concentrating on the customers needs, main goals of the bank and other parties which relates to the bank in one way or another. Application of total quality management have been based on the fact that the bank should at anytime deliver quality services for the benefit of the customers and also to attained its objective (Clark, 2008. p 80) Apart from differentiating itself from other banks through the application of total quality management the bank has benefited in this application of total quality management in various ways. The main advantage of using total quality management is the possibility of balance of interest of the opposing parties. For example the bank will be in apposition to make higher profit because there are customers willing to pay premium prices for the quality services they received. At this angle, the bank will benefit by selling its services at premium prices while the customers will be in a position to receive quality services which are worth their money. Because of total quality management, customers will receive services which will satisfy them completely. Finally, the bank can differentiate itself by positioning its products well in the market. Many banks products and services causes positioning errors in the minds of customers, these positioning errors comprised of confused positioning, under positioning and over positioning. These errors can be eliminated if the bank can carry out extensive marketing and personal selling so that the customers can receive the right information concerning the bank. It is important for the bank to differentiate its services from other competitors in terms of price, quality, and the benefits attached to the services. Bank can ensure this by introducing post purchase behaviour so that they can obtain the reaction of the customers after they have used the product. Question 2 Project management Executive summary The managers of the Wagga Independent Groceries Company (WIG) have suggested that all departments be network so that the flow of information and data retrieval will be easier. Furthermore, networking will assist the employees to deliver and serve customers in the shortest time possible because they accessing information or any other requirement they may be looking for. This report will analyse the procedures of networking and the recommendation to the manager of the company (Chary, 2009. p 119) Introduction and background Wagga Independent Groceries is a reputable company offering technological services to its customers. The company is trusted by its customers due to its quality services they offer at affordable prices. Furthermore, the company has been able to survive stiff competition in the market because of its quality services they offer which has enabled the company to build a positive image with its customers in the market (Kurtz, 2008. p 123) Findings The networking plan has been divided into four phases so that it can ensure proper installation in the company. This installation will help the departments to share some important information regarding the performances of the company. Duration Networking procedures have been divided into four phases. This phases comprised of phase one which is planning and design. This phase is expected to last for 6 weeks with activities As going on. We expect to start our project at this phase in which we will deal with technical requirements design and we will be reviewing the functional designed frequently (Polkowski, 2009. p 63). In the second phase, we will deal with preparation for installations. This is a crucial stage in which will be ordering various equipment for installation process, we will also carryout system prototyping and pre-configuration and testing. We expect all these process to last for 8 weeks and we will carryout activity B, C and D. The next step we will be taking is the installation. This will be in phase 3 and we plan to carryout installation because by then we will be having all the necessary materials in hand. We will also deal with site installation and documentation set up to ensure that all the departments are network in the company. This phase will last for 10 weeks and the activities in this phase comprised of G, E, and F. Finally, we will carryout post-installation which will comprised a lot of work such as orientation of staff on how to use the system, and then post installation review on the performances of the new system and finally, the formalization of the system in the company. This phase will also last for 7 weeks. The diagram below summarise the whole process of networking (Lawrence Kimberg, 2009. p 74) Conclusion In conclusion, the implementation process of the company will be carried out as planned because all the necessities have been put in place. Since I am a project manager, I would request the finance department to release the funds to be used in this process in a timely manner so that we can implement the project immediately as planned. According to the estimates, it shows that in case of disruption of the operation, the company will incur an average of $ 30, 000* 7 = $ 210,000. The system managers have an alternative of this, the activity H (site installation) can be taken by another company though there would be additional cost of $ 80,000, and the period will reduce to 3 weeks instead of 7 weeks. The total expenses in the second option is $ 80,000 * 3 = $ 240,000. This indicates that the option of system administrator is expensive though the time will be reduced to three weeks. The action I am going to recommend is that the management of the company should weigh a different of 4 weeks and a different of $ 30, 000. From there the management of the company will be in a position to come up with a sound decision (Karel, 2009. p 424). Critical Path Method of project planning. Executive summary This report seeks to address the project management of Wagga Independent Groceries Company which we intend to network all departments in the company so as to facilitate easy flow of information. The main aim of this report is prepared for the senior management of the Wagga Independent Groceries to review the planned process of networking the companys department. Furthermore, the report will advise the management on what is supposed to be done and the date of implementation. Introduction and background Due to complexity of the company and its heavy operation, the management of the company have proposed that the project planning be carried out before the actual implementation takes place in the company. We have chosen with my team and under the instruction of our manager to use Critical Path Method when preparing this report. Steps in critical path method of project planning To network the company effectively, there should be procedures to be followed. In this method every participant in the implementation must have clear role to carry out in the project. The following diagram shows how the implementation will be carried out. The letters (A, B, C, D, E and F) represent the activities shown in the above report. The weeks also indicate the duration taken to complete the project in every phase. In this method, there is critical part which needs to be identified and it concern the period required in order to complete implementation. The critical part can be identified by determining various parameters such as the earliest time of implementation and the expected time in which project will be completed. This is very important for purposes of mentoring the actions taken so that the actual result can be compared with the planned result (Martinich, 2009. p 89). Question 3 Plant Location The best coordinates will depends on so many factors such as infrastructure, to make the appropriate decision the manager needs to determine the demand of the materials in the company. It is not profitable for the company to move long distance when it can make less profit. There are various problems which are associated with the POM-QM for Windows especially when the places are scattered. It does not give the appropriate solution because they are based on estimation. It is better for the company to look for other alternative rather than using POM-QM for Windows. The method also requires somebody who understands the procedures well so that will calculate the relevant answers. Question 4 Transportation problem It has been tradition for central office in rural Victoria to co-ordinate all the shipment of blood into 5 hospitals. From the auditors report it shows that the manual technique being used is not cost effective. Due to this the management of the hospital has decided to implement other methods such as mathematical modelling so that they can minimise the cost. Hospital 1 Hospital 2 Hospital 3 Hospital 4 Hospital 5 Supply Bank 1 $50.00 $50.00 $100.00 $150.00 $200.00 250 Bank 2 $70.00 $70.00 $30.00 $30.00 $100.00 100 Bank 3 $50.00 $50.00 $40.00 $120.00 $150.00 150 Demand 80 120 220 50 40 Hospital 1 and 2 spend the same amount in transport in blood from the three Bank Blood though their demand varies. This means that Hospital 1 is not effective as compared to Hospital 2. In general Hospital 3 is very effective because of high demand yet they spend equal amount with Hospital 1 and 2. On the other, supply from the three Blood Banks varies with Bank 1 delivering large amount of Blood. It will be economical if the 5 hospital utilise the supply from Bank 1. Hospital should also consider the storage devices available before making it decision. The hospitals need to analyse the blood group from every Blood Bank so that those with the same blood group can consider leaving so as to reduce the expenses. They should also analyse the usage of blood in the hospital to avoid transporting excess blood to the hospital. Besides, the hospital can team up with the Red Cross that has created a blood bank for emergencies so that they can be transporting whenever a need arises in the hospital. Work Cited Clark, G. Service operations management: improving service delivery. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, 2008. 3rd edn. Pp 79-84 Kurtz, D. L. Contemporary Business 2009 Update. Cengage Learning, 2008 12th edn. Pp 121-126 Martinich, J. S. Production And Operations Management: An Applied Modern Approach. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 5th edn. Pp 88-92 Gaspary, P. Integrated Management of Systems, Services, Processes and People in IT. Springer, 2009 4th edn. Pp 326-330 Chary, A. Production and operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill, 2009 4th edn . 117-121 Karel, R. Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century. Cengage Learning, 2009 6th edn. Pp 421-425 Polkowski, L. Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology. Springer, 2009 3rd edn. Pp 61-64 . Lawrence, P. Kimberg, R. Advances in Business and Management Forecasting. Emerald Group Publishing, 2009. 4th edn. Pp 72-76 Kotler, H. Marketing: An Introduction. Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2009 4th edn. Pp 158-166 Krishnan, R. Marketing Research, 2009. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2009 7th edn. Pp 199-201

The Hidden Meaning of The Nuns Priests Tale Essay -- Nun’s Priest’s

The Hidden Meaning of The Nun's Priest's Tale  Ã‚     Ã‚   It has been suggested that a "Chaucer tale exploits the nature of its genre but also draws attention to the ideological biases and exclusions inherent in the genre"2. In my opinion The Nun's Priest's Tale is a wonderful example of Chaucer testing the bounds of his chosen genre - in this case the beast fable. What is a beast fable? Obviously a tale about animals, but one where "animals are used as embodiments or caricatures of human virtues, vices, prudences, and follies ... and the other typical qualities of mankind. They are generally brief cautionary anecdotes that use the obvious resemblances between man and animals to point a moral or push a proverb home entertainingly"3. Chaucer can be seen to exploit the nature of the beast fable fully in The Nun's Priest's Tale. It contains all of the traditional elements mentioned above: the central characters are the chickens Chauntecleer and Pertelote, and Russell the fox; the culpability, gullibility, guile and boastfulness of the characters are examined; the tale is brief, approximately 650 lines; and several morals are offered. The tale is also entertaining, but not only because of its caricatures of human traits. The tale contains numerous sub-genres such as the romance, rhetorical debate, and Christian misogyny, and it is the interplay of these sub-genres with the framing beast fable that creates much of the humour. In The Nun's Priest's Tale Chaucer shows up some of the worst excesses of these popular medieval traditions by putting them into context with his animal characters. The incongruity of a chicken taking part in a debate on the significance of dreams, for example, is inherently comic, but does not just... ...9), 251-270. This from p. 266. 8. F. Anne Payne, "Foreknowledge and Free Will: Three Theories in the Nun's Priest's Tale" The Chaucer Review 10 (1975), 201-219. This from p. 208 9. Ian Bishop, "The Nun's Priest's Tale and the Liberal Arts," Review of English Studies NS30 (1979), 257-267. This from p. 17. 10. Payne, p. 205. 11. Walter Scheps, "Chaucer's Anti-fable: Reductio ad absurdum in the Nun's Priest's Tale," Leeds Studies in English 4 (l970), 1-10. This from p. 7. 12. Bishop, p. 266. 13. Payne. p. 218. 14. Payne. p. 210. 15. Payne. p. 211. 16. 0wen, p. 267 17. Jill Mann, "The Speculum Stultorum and the Nun's Priest's Tale," The Chaucer Review 9 (1975), 262-282. This from p. 275. 18. Friedman. p. 253. 19. 0erlemans, p. 318. 20. Scheps. p. 8. 21. Payne, p. 214. 22. Mann, p. 277.      

Weber and Marx: Inequality

Marx vs. Weber in today’s society Marx and Weber have not lived within the same social conditions we are facing today, and one question that may arise is, whose approach to social class and inequality is more compatible with today’s society? Taking a closer look at Weber’s analogy, and the concept of â€Å"life chances†, one may attempt to conclude that his approach is more flexible and fitting in today’s society. Weber offers a micro level analysis of inequality at the individual’s level, which makes his approach more versatile.Furthermore this approach can explain the changes in regards to class determination by the market situation over time through the concept of life chances. Marx is known for putting forth a theory of classes that is centered on economical grounds where â€Å"society [†¦] is [†¦] splitting up into two great hostile camps [†¦]: bourgeoisie and proletariat † (Marx, 1978, p. 474). Belonging to either class will depend on whether you own the means of production or not; from this system stems inequality.Weber takes a step further then Marx, and discusses other social forces then economical one, that influences social class and inequality. Weber put central importance to the concept of power, â€Å"the chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of other who are participating in the action† (Weber, 2003, p. 95). The way power is distributed creates â€Å"three discrete but interrelated realms [classes, status groups and parties]† (Weber, 2003, p. 94).These three dimensions in relation to power are used to explain inequality. Distribution of power among classes leads to unequal access to material resources since classes are â€Å"purely economically determined† (Weber, 2003, p. 99). As for status power, one’s â€Å"social estimation of honor† (Weber, 2003, p. 99) determines the capac ity to exercise power upon those who view him or her as a superior. Class and Status power â€Å"influence one another and they influence the legal order and are in turn influence by it† (Weber, 2003, p. 99).Parties on the other hand, focus on gaining social power that enables them to have influence on decision-making. From Marx’s Manifesto of the communist party (1978) one can concluded that the Bourgeois and the proletariat are mutually dependent on one another, but this does not make them equal in a capitalist society. Weber does agree that the capitalist society and the â€Å"economy has a particularly determinative impact on the social order and power† (Weber, 2003, p. 94). However Weber points out that individual still have agency and â€Å"a relative autonomy to culture and politics† (Weber, 2003, p. 94).Hence, the determination of class-situation by the market situation cannot be exclusive to Marx view based on the relationship to the means of pro duction. Weber’s puts forth a concept of â€Å"life chances† which entails that even the dominated still have a scoop of choices. In today’s society, these choices have expanded and become more equal. For example, today’s market is seen to be a knowledge-based market, where higher education and skill set is given more value. Those in lower classes also have a possibility to compete in the labour market since higher education is becoming more accessible to everyone.Weber’s approach gains versatility by looking at the role of social action and therefore takes into consideration an individual’s â€Å"rationally motivated adjustments of interest† (Weber, 2003, p. 97). Marx’s approach focuses too much on the economical conditions, and although it may still be relevant today economy, it fails to accurately predicted other dimensions of life that have influenced social class and inequality. A shift to a knowledge base labour market an d increase in higher education accessibility has improved individuals â€Å"life chance†.However upon putting forth the argument that individuals have more choices now then before, one may questions the true intention of these choices. It could be, as Marx may suggest, an illusion of choice set forth by the dominant classes to prevent a revolution from the dominated class. Reference: Marx, K. and Friedrich E. (1978). Manifestation of the Communist Party. The Marx-Engels Reader, (2nd ed), edited by Robert C. Tuker. 473-483. Weber, M. (2003) Class, Status, Party. Social Theory: the Roots and Branches, edited by Peter Kivisto. 95-100.

Government and Ethics Essay

Ethics is the study of what is right and what is wrong. In our daily lives were continuously forced to make simple and important decisions. Ethics help to guide people’s behavior and assist them in coming to conclusions. There is not an exact rule to what is morally correct because some people view things differently but by having a general since of what is ethically appropriate it can help a society function in a civilized manner. The role of government in ethics, and the role of ethics in government are very important concepts in forming that civilized society. In a society there are laws and there are ethics; however there is a considerable difference between the two you cannot have one without the other. Laws are what the government determines right and wrong. Ethics are what the majority of society determines as appropriate. The laws of a society can only state what a person can and cannot do. But they do not cover the in between. Ethics cover the gray areas and indicate what is accepted in a society. Ethics are personal laws they help people make the choice between what is morally right and wrong. Morals help to make a society more civilized and stable. Even though there is a strong distinction between ethics and laws you cannot have one without the other. Laws are not possible without ethics. In the textbook Thinking Critical about Ethical Issues author Ruggiero states, â€Å"The only way for a law to be enacted or repealed is for one or more people to make a decision about right and wrong. That has always been true, whether the lawmaker was the chieftain of a nomadic band or tribe, a king or queen, or a group of elected officials† (Ruggerio, 2008). To determine what is unlawful lawmakers need determine what is moral or immoral. The majority of people in a society determine ethical values. But the idea of majority rule can be very dangerous when determining what is ethically correct. In many cases the majority does not specifically base their decision based on what is morally right or wrong. So in return the majority’s choice is not always perfect, and in many cases can be very ignorant. In a lot of occasions the majority rule often equals mob rule. People often forget to determine what is morally sound for the masses and instead determine what is right for them. Majority rule can also influence lawmakers. Laws are determined by what the masses determine as right or wrong. A good example of when majority rule was not necessarily right is that of slavery. The greater part of society believed that slavery was ethical, and that above all the right to do. And because people thought slavery was right laws portrayed these thoughts. Even though slavery hurt the minority the laws were still in place. Majority rules can infringe on an individuals rights. In many instances the idea of the majority rule needs to be altered to guarantee that the rights of the minority are still being represented. Everyone has obligations whether it is to our family, friends, or employer. Just like individuals the government has obligations to the people that it is serving. In the textbook Thinking Critically about Ethical Issues author Ryan Ruggerio defines obligations as, â€Å"restrictions on our behavior, demands to do something or to avoid doing it† (Ruggerio, 2008). The government is obligated to be fair and just. The laws that are being determined by the officials need to be sure that they are not infringing on others rights. Besides the government as a whole the elected officials have a personal obligation to the citizens that they serve. They need to be sure that they are behaving appropriately. That their decisions are made based on what is good for the community or country that they are making decisions for. Voters put their trust into these individuals, they vote for them based on the thought that they will serve our country in a morally appropriate manner and make ethical decisions that will better us and the world we live in. Obligations can be difficult and sometimes conflicting especially when dealing with moral issues that will affect such a large majority of people. Sometimes when deciding on a law the answer may not be so clear-cut. More than one obligation can exist in any given situation. When obligations are conflicting in governmental situations it is important to analyze the decision in question. The options and consequences must be weighed. It is crucial to look at the situation and the morals that will be involved. What options do lawmakers have when making this important choice? With every moral situation there are options on what different can be taken. The second step is to consider how the choice will affect others. Governmental decisions need to consider how it will affect every individual in the society not just one specific group. Besides make sure the decision is lawful for all it is important to try and understand how the individuals in the society will feel and their thoughts about a given situation. Lawmakers have that obligation to their voters. It is not about doing what is solely right for the government but about doing is ethically correct for everyone. It is important to consider the trickle down affect. If the government makes a certain decision than this may happen, and in return than maybe this. It is crucial to understand the broad consequences as well. And what the longer-term effects will be on the society as a whole. The government has an obligation to the citizens in the society, but I believe the citizens also have an obligation to the government and to each other. In Thinking Critically about Ethical Issues author Ryan Ruggerio states, â€Å"The United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights contains similar references to rights. It begins, for example, by declaring that â€Å"human rights should be protected by the rule of law† and goes on to say that all human beings â€Å"should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood† (Ruggerio, 2008). Most ethical issues deal with how something makes us feel and fulfilling our personal or humanistic needs and desires. It is crucial for individuals to be informed about the decision or opposition they are taking. This insures that what you are preaching or voting on is something that you truly believe in. In many cases it is about the individual or a group of individuals giving lawmakers the ideas in order to create positive change. Change can happen because of a leader in the community. This idea can be sometimes pose problems. It can be difficult because the majority does not specifically base their decision based on what is morally right or wrong. So in return the majority’s choice is not always perfect, and in many cases can be very ignorant. In a lot of occasions the majority rule often equals mob rule. People often forget to determine what morally sound for the masses and instead determine what is right for them. If you follow the â€Å"mob† you are not thinking for yourself. In return you are not standing up for what you believe is morally correct and you may be following a negative concept or idea. While meeting their obligations governmental officials must write and past laws for the people in the society. When establishing new laws lawmakers need to go a little further and consult the ethical ideas of the society. If they did not have this concept of what is morally correct laws would not have a strong influence on individual behaviors. It would fail to connect with the people in the society in return not hold much weight. Making many laws ignored by the society. In order to form laws we need a sense of what is deemed morally correct by the culture we are creating them for. The first step governmental officials must do when making a decision for the society is to find and be aware of the problem that they are trying to fix. The second step in the decision making process towards a high-quality choice is to analyze the problem and its causes. During this process they must ask questions to find the real root of your problem. In the textbook Applying Psychology author Andrew J. Dubrin states, â€Å"Many decisions prove to be poor decisions because the underlying or true problem was not resolved† (Durbin, 2004). Lawmakers must be able to understand what is going on so that you can properly guide your actions. Once they have fully looked at every aspect of the problem it is important to search for creative alternatives. This is crucial in order for them to make appropriate decision for everyone in the society. Poor decisions are often made when this is not done. With more choices lawmakers will be able to come to a wiser conclusion. Once they have thought of possible choices a decision must be made on the one that best suits the masses. It is imperative to think of the pros and cons of all the alternatives that had previously been thought of. Each one should be thought of with the same amount of deliberation, so that it can be sure that the right choice has been made. Lawmaker’s then implement the decision that has been made. One of the most important steps in lawmaking comes at the end of the decision making process. The final step is to evaluate the decision that has been made. Lawmakers must look at what they have decided and see if the results are what had been expected. If they are not happy with the solution and it is not working properly for the individuals that it was made for than they might have a new problem on their hands and have to start to work through the steps of problem solving again to find a new answer to the issue. Reflection is also a way to evaluate a law decided on so that you officials can strengthen any weaknesses so they will be ready when they are faced with a new problem that needs solving. After laws have been instituted it is important to ensure that the lawmakers are also behaving morally appropriate. We as voters exercise our ethical choices every time we go to the polls and vote for our appointed officials. But what is holding them responsible for behaving in an ethical manner after they have already won an election. After the Watergate Scandal in 1978 the Ethics in Government Act was put into affect. The Ethics in Government Act forced restrictions on finances of government officials and lobbyist. After this act was passed the Office of Government Ethics was established. This agency is a branch of the executive government. It helps to prevent and determine resolutions to problems existing within in this branch of government. The agency puts responsibility on government employees and helps to stop divergence in interests. Within the Office of Government Ethics there is four different subdivisions. Ethics help to guide people’s behavior and assist them in coming to conclusions. There is not an exact rule to what is morally correct because some people view things differently but by having a general since of what is ethically appropriate it can help a society function in a civilized manner. The role of government in ethics, and the role of ethics in government are very important concepts in forming that civilized society. The government as a whole and its elected officials has an obligation to make morally appropriate decisions for every individual in the society.